Risk factors for the development of low back pain include:
- Previous history of back pain - most significant risk factor
- Age - risk is greatest from 35 to 55 years then decreases
- Gender - males = females
- Poor general health
- Low levels of physical fitness
- Sedentary lifestyle - low levels of daily physical activity
- Job dissatisfaction
- Poor workplace environment / low levels of coworker support and/or collaboration
- Physically demanding work (self-perceived)
- Smoking
- Anxiety
- Depression
- Insomnia
- Psychological distress
- Pregnancy - risk increases with increasing number of vaginal deliveries
- Obesity - Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or greater
- Exposure to vibration (>1 hour per day)
- Prolonged driving in car (>1 hour day)
- Repetitive heavy lifting (>35 pounds or more for >75% of day)
- Repetitive bending and twisting (>4 hours/day)